This conflict created a breach between father and son that lasted until Henry Flagler was on his deathbed. His mother was Elizabeth Caldwell Morrison Harkness. [23] The firm was attacked by journalists and politicians throughout its existence, in part for these monopolistic methods, giving momentum to the antitrust movement. His father was a Presbyterian minister, Isaac Flagler. Henry Flagler, son of a Presbyterian minister, had Memorial Presbyterian Church built in memory of his daughter Jennie Louise Flagler Benedict and her newborn daughter Margery, both of whom died in 1889. He built a railroad bridge across the St. Johns River to gain access to the southern half of the state and purchased the Hotel Ormond, just north of Daytona. It seemed a new leaf was turning for the little family of the Robber Baron. Henry started spending a great deal more time in Florida, soon claiming the state as his permanent residence. He planned to build a hotel on that land, one that gave Northern tourists a fine place to spend their money. University Press of Florida. Last Train to Paradise. [citation needed], Flagler and Rockefeller began a publicity campaign to put the company and themselves in a better light. Flagler believed that he had learned a valuable lesson: invest in a business only after thorough investigation. Gainesville, FL. To add to the sting, Henry 'Harry' Flagler was generally known as Harry Harkness, showing more deference for his mother than his father. So, when sources from the time period say that Ida Alice Shourds Flagler was insane, one must look closely and think critically. Because he was famous and successful and he made a lot of things in Florida. Their efforts to monopolize the oil industry are referred to as the 'Cleveland Massacre,' and though John D. Rockefeller is generally more well-known than Henry Flagler, quotes from Rockefeller credit Flagler with the monopolization idea. Who was Henry Flagler? Ida Alice (ne Shourds) Flagler had been a caregiver for Mary. Harkness and Company, at a salary of $5 per month plus room and board. I do not believe any one else would develop it if I do not, but I do hope to live long enough to prove I am a good business man by getting a dividend on my investment. [43], When Flagler's first wife Mary (ne Harkness) fell sick, his physician recommended they travel to Jacksonville for the winter to escape the brutal conditions of the North. You see, demand for salt had risen with the beginning of the war it was necessary for the preservation of food for the troops. Melbert Cary died in 1941, and after his death Mary continued to divide her. There, they were both given work by Lamon Harkness, who was the brother of Dan's late father. Because he had a hard personal life and was a cutthroat business man. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. He became president of the Symphony Society of New York in 1914 . One day when very old he went on a drunken spree. He declined the honor, persuading them to use an old Indian name, "Mayaimi". [28], Even though 85% of world crude production was still coming from Pennsylvania wells in the 1880s, overseas drilling in Russia and Asia began to reach the world market. His mother, the widowed Elizabeth Caldwell (Morrison) Harkness, had brought two sons to the marriage with Flagler from her previous marriage to widower Dr. David Harkness of Milan, Ohio. Last (and perhaps most importantly), the truth is a hard thing to garner when it comes to what happened in the past even harder than it is today. "[59], In March 1913, Flagler fell down a flight of marble stairs at Whitehall. "Historical Person Profile: Henry Flagler." An immense engineering effort was required to cut through the wilderness and marsh from St. Augustine to Palm Beach. When he was 23, Flagler married Mary Harkness, a frail, 20-year-old cousin of Dan Harkness. Control of the Flagler fortune largely passed into the hands of Mary Lily Kenan's family of sisters and brother, who survived into the 1960s. In the early 1900s Flagler, affiliated with John D. Rockefeller in the Standard Oil Company, conceived and oversaw the construction of the Florida Keys Over-Sea Railroad, paving . In January of 1870 at the age of 40, Flagler officially co-founded Standard Oil alongside John D. Rockefeller. In the kerosene industry, Standard Oil replaced the old distribution system with its own vertical system. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. If Smith could raise $50,000, Flagler would invest $150,000 and they would build a hotel together. [8] By 1872, it led the American oil refining industry, producing 10,000 barrels per day (1,600m3/d). Equivalent to a 15% discount, they put Standard Oil in position to significantly undercut other oil refineries. IT HAD BEGUN 26 YEARS EARLIER, IN 1891, when Henry Morrison Flagler, the uncrowned "king" of Florida, who had made a vast fortune as a founding partner of Standard Oil of Ohio, met Mary Lily Kenan . "For the longest time, I could not imagine why Jean would save Whitehall," said Mr. Ponce. She is next to her mother and Flagler's first wife, Marjorie Mary Harkness Flagler. https://staughs.com/the-mary-lily-kenan-conspiracy/. By the mid-1860s, Cleveland had become the center of the oil refining industry in America and Rockefeller left the grain business to start his own oil refinery. VisitStAugustine.com. After many years of work, it opened on January 10, 1888, and was an instant success. Flagler and Dan Harkness remained friends and business associates and, in 1852, they opened a distillery. Throughout it all, Mary was made to brave her condition without her husband, who had taken to staying at the Buckingham Hotel in New York, completely immersed in the business of Standard Oil. Played by Tom Amandes. She and her family were given expensive gifts by Henry Flagler in celebration. He was a founder of Standard Oil. [25] The public and the press were immediately suspicious of this new legal entity, and other businesses seized upon the idea and emulated it, further inflaming public sentiment. Graham, Thomas. Researching those perspectives is like playing the telephone game with the dead; something is bound to get confused.). Flagler was in a special position to make those deals due to his connections as a grain merchant. According to historian David Leon Chandler, Henry Flagler is believed to either have bought a deferment in 1862 or provided the government supplies instead of service. [54] Built in 1902 as a wedding present to Mary Lily, Whitehall (now the Flagler Museum) was a 60,000-square-foot (5,600m) winter retreat that established the Palm Beach "season" of about 812 weeks, for the wealthy of America's Gilded Age. Henry Morrison Flagler was born in Hopewell, New York on January 2nd, 1830 to Isaac Flagler and Elizabeth Caldwell Harkness Flagler. Despite (or perhaps because of) the tragic death of the mother of his children, Henry Flagler poured himself into the business of Standard Oil. The swamplands south of Savannah were thought of as a dangerous land of rugged enchantment where alligators lurked in the shadows and strange miasme was thought to carry diseases like yellow fever through the damp air. His personal dedication to the state of Florida was demonstrated when he began construction on his private residence, Kirkside, in St. Augustine. To further convince Flagler to continue the railroad to Miami, he was offered land in exchange for laying rail tracks from private landowners, the Florida East Coast Canal and Transportation Company, and the Boston and Florida Atlantic Coast Land Company. Flagler County, Florida, Flagler Beach, Florida and Flagler, Colorado are also named for him. Version accessed: St. Augustine, FL: Historic Print & Map Company, 2004. The mausoleum adjacent to the church is where Flagler, his daughter, granddaughter and first wife are buried. In the case of Henry Flagler's life, it seems his personal troubles compounded in the 1890s. If you stroll through the area of St. Augustine immediately west of downtown, you will experience the extraordinary influence of New Yorker Henry Morrison . Perhaps Henry Flagler already planned that he would need a physician to confirm his wife suffered from insanity. He is also known as a founder of the cities of Miami and Palm Beach, Florida. In February of 1885, the couple took a delayed honeymoon to St. Augustine Ida Alice was thirty-seven and Henry Flagler was fifty-five. Second Marriage, Second Sojourn to St. Augustine After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. His body was sent to St. Augustine on May 23 where he was laid to rest along side of his his first wife Mary Harkness in the Memorial Presbyterian Church mausoleum built for his daughter Jennie Louise. He is known as the father of St. Augustine, Mia [4], After the failure of his salt business in Saginaw, Flagler returned to Bellevue in 1866 and reentered the grain business as a commission merchant with the Harkness Grain Company. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil, which was first based in Ohio. George Matthews, great-grandson of Henry Morrison Flagler, has served as the Flagler Museum's president for the past 42 years. Flagler's second wife, the former Ida Alice Shourds, was declared insane[50] by Flagler's friend Dr. Anderson in 1896 and was institutionalized on and off starting that year. Henry Flagler didn't leave the sanitarium wanting, however, as Alice's estate (to which only her Flagler-hired guardians had direct access) was full of Standard Oil stocks. "Flagler's Magnificent Hotel Ponce de Leon," FL: The Florida Historical Quarterly, Issue 54, Volume 1. As a result, Flagler and Rockefeller and their associates owned dozens of separate corporations, each of which operated in just one state; the management of the whole enterprise was rather unwieldy. Barely any of Ida Alice's personal writings have survived, so there is a major piece of the puzzle missing. The visionary widow from Ohio bought hundreds of acres at what is now Downtown Miami, moved down on a barge, and eventually convinced railroad man Henry Flagler to extend his new railway to the Miami River by sending him an unusual package. Les Standiford (Goodreads Author) (shelved 3 times as henry-flagler) avg rating 4.08 3,518 ratings published 2002. The same year that she arrived in New York, her doctors insisted that she spend the winter in a kinder climate. Cutthroat Cruel business man. Municipal, State, and Federal government officials questioned how many limits they should place on these "Captains of Industry." As he grew older, he became determined to never be poor again. This touched off a firestorm of protest from independent oil well owners, including boycotts and vandalism, which eventually led to the discovery of Standard Oil's part in the deal. The Standard Guide to St. Augustine. Flagler dredged a channel, built streets, instituted the first water and power systems, and financed the city's first newspaper, The Metropolis. Dan married Lamon's eldest daughter, Isabella, in 1849 (yes, they were first cousins). His parents were very poor and struggled to feed their family. As such, the salt industry was tax-exempt during the Civil War and essential employees were exempt from the draft. Mary Lily outlived her first husband, Henry Flagler and inherited his huge fortune, married again three years later, and died under suspicious circumstances at aged fifty. Carrie died at the age of 3. Pennzoil and Chevron have remained separate companies. Timeline Sources cited Graham, T. (2014) Mr. Flagler's St. Augustine (A Florida Quincentennial Book). 91 is preserved inside a Beaux Arts pavilion built to look like a 19th-century railway palace. Harry, her son, was eleven years old. In March, he stepped down from that post but will . [65] After Flagler's death, she married an old friend, Robert Worth Bingham, who used an inheritance from her to buy the Louisville Courier-Journal newspaper. Henry Morrison Flagler (January 2, 1830 - May 20, 1913) was an American industrialist and a founder of Standard Oil. Flagler completed the 1,100-room Royal Poinciana Hotel on the shores of Lake Worth in Palm Beach and extended his railroad to its service town, West Palm Beach, by 1894, founding Palm Beach and West Palm Beach. In 1897, Flagler opened the exclusive Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River where it overlooked Biscayne Bay. In 1901, U.S. Steel, now controlled by J. Pierpont Morgan, having bought Andrew Carnegie's steel assets, offered to buy Standard's iron interests as well. That year he reportedly gave her more than $1 million in jewelry. [citation needed][66], "Henry M. Flagler" redirects here. In the early 1880s, Flagler and Rockefeller created one of their most important innovations. Education Even more critical, the invention of the light bulb gradually began to erode the dominance of kerosene for illumination. In 1885 he decided to build a luxury hotel there which would attract the country's elite. Henry Flagler was seventy-one, whilst his beaming bride was thirty-four. Henry Flagler: A Man of Big Dreams Henry Flagler was born on January 2, 1830. Rockefeller retained his nominal title as president until 1911 and he kept his stock. Augustine. She documented the company's espionage, price wars, heavy-handed marketing tactics, and courtroom evasions. He was also a key figure in the development of the eastern coast of Florida along the Atlantic Ocean and was founder of what became the Florida East Coast Railway. These included, among many others, Continental Oil, which became Conoco, now part of ConocoPhillips; Standard of Indiana, which became Amoco, now part of BP; Standard of California, which became Chevron; Standard of New Jersey, which became Esso (and later, Exxon), now part of ExxonMobil; Standard of New York, which became Mobil, now part of ExxonMobil; and Standard of Ohio, which became Sohio, now part of BP. The Bingham-Flagler marriage (and questions about her death or possible murder) figured prominently in several books that appeared in the 1980s, when the Bingham family sold the newspaper in the midst of great acrimony. FLORIDA KEYS Henry Morrison Flagler never lived in the Florida Keys, but he left a more lasting and valuable mark on the island chain than many lifelong residents. After a time, Flagler began to turn over some of his duties at Standard Oil to younger blood. He recruited Henry Flagler to join him, and the youth went to Ohio at age 14, where he started work in 1844 at a salary of US$5 per month plus room and board. Though Henry Flagler didn't join in on the war, it certainly affected his career choices. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. [62], Flagler was entombed in the Flagler family mausoleum at Memorial Presbyterian Church in St. Augustine alongside his first wife, Mary Harkness; daughter, Jenny Louise; and granddaughter, Marjorie. "How Slave Labor Built the State of Florida Decades After the Civil War." whereas said Henry M. Flagler has recently lost by death a beloved daughter and in affectionate remembrance of her has been desirous of erecting some worthy monument to her Memory and believing that nothing should be more accordant with her known wishes and the tenor of her life on earth than that such Memorial should be a temple devoted to the worship of God and the teaching of that living faith in which she lived and died has erected in the City of St. Augustine a church edifice in loving . As he went, Flagler spent exorbitant amounts of money to build hotels in certain cities along the way. So, Henry was the youngest of a large mixed family. [17]This subsidiary, the Empire Transportation Company, which Joseph D. Potts created in 1865 and also ran, owned other assets including a small fleet of ships on the Great Lakes. However, this kindly nickname does not do justice to the full story of Flagler, who was nearly fifty years old when he first set foot in Florida in 1878. It was reported that people along the railway line waited all night for the passing of the funeral train as it traveled from Palm Beach to St. Nothing major just language that "[made] incurable insanity a ground for divorce.". Flagler went on to build the Memorial Presbyterian Church for Jennie and her baby daughter Margery in St. Augustine. The Venetian Renaissance style of the church is reflected in the pointed arches and Byzantine dome. His wife, Mary Harkness, had never been of robust health; she had borne three children. Flagler and Rockefeller finally gave up their dream of controlling all the world's oil refining. Originally published by E.H. Reynolds in St. Augustine Florida, 1892. Julia was born in Cleveland, Ohio, in 1849 to Ephraim Sturtevant and his wife. While in this state he met his good pastor, to whom, being soundly upbraided for his condition, he replied, 'I've been giving all my days to the Lord hitherto, and now I'm taking one for myself. Flagler Memorial Presbyterian Church, 32 Sevilla Street. Hello students! Generally, we are not often able to share specifics about the man himself. Rogers, in particular, became one of Flagler and Rockefeller's key men in the formation of the Standard Oil Trust. I was willing that they should combine and grow as big and wealthy as they could, but only by legitimate means. Tarbell's father had been driven out of the oil business during the South Improvement Company affair. Flagler also worked as a grain merchant. It was in the late 1850s that Flagler met John D. Rockefeller who was working for a Cleveland grain broker and traveled the hinterlands in search of business. [20] The New York State Legislature's Hepburn Committee in 1879 conducted hearings in response to the complaints of local merchants that were not involved in the oil trade in order to investigate railroad rebate practices. This was the case for many wealthy men during the Civil War, including Henry's future business partner, John D. Rockefeller. Henry Flagler was John D. Rockefeller's most significant business partner at Standard Oil. Flagler's affiliation with the Harkness family would have a fortuitous effect upon his future. A major New York refiner, Charles Pratt and Company, headed by Charles Pratt and Henry H. Rogers, led the opposition to this plan, and railroads soon backed off. While many tourists were satisfied with the charms of rural Florida, the appeal quickly wore off for the Flaglers, Henry specifically. Smith would not sell, but he planted the seed of St. Augustine's and Florida's future in Flagler's mind. Two years after her death, he married her nurse, Ida Alice Shourds. She was the daughter of Lamon G. Harkness and Julia Follet. [3], Flagler attended local schools through eighth grade. To get a more in-depth narrative of the life of that building complex, visit The Ponce de Leon Hotel's Historical Place profile on our website. At age 23, Flagler married the daughter of the owner, Mary Harkness (Wright . Flagler gave them the honored center positions in the mausoleum. His lifelong interest was in music and its promotion, primarily in New York City. He became known as the Father of Miami, Florida. Ralph, Julian. It was here where Flagler would host his final parties and conduct his final business transactions. In 1913, Henry Flagler passed away after breaking his hip falling down a staircase at Whitehall. The church was dedicated in March 1890. [citation needed], By 1905, Flagler decided that his Florida East Coast Railway should be extended from Biscayne Bay to Key West, a point 128 miles (206km) past the end of the Florida peninsula. I wish I had the brains to think of it. 1-17. Birth Name: Henry Flagler Occupation: Entrepreneur Place Of Birth: NY Date Of Birth: January 2, 1830 Date Of Death: May 20, 1913 Cause Of Death: N/A Ethnicity: Unknown Nationality: American Henry Flagler was born on the 2nd of January, 1830. He even owned newspapers in Florida. Their only son was born in 1870. He was even given permission to use the coquina quarry on Anastasia Island to source materials for his state-of-the-art hotels. Bowman, Bryan & Kathy Roberts Forde. See more ideas about flagler, key west, florida. Rockefeller admitted later, "We realized that public sentiment would be against us if we actually refined all the oil. Her great-nephew Lawrence Louis Junior utilized some of those funds in founding Flagler College, where Henry Flagler's legacy lives on to this day. [27] In spite of the formation of the trust and its perceived immunity from all competition, by the 1880s Standard Oil had passed its peak of power over the world oil market. Finally, Dan Harkness (7 perhaps Henry's favorite sibling), was Henry's mother's son from her first husband. In a few years, it seems he embraced the life of a wealthy widower. The company expanded into the grain and distillery businesses, and the latter was sold after making considerable money. the Trust and Non-Profit Organization established by Flagler's grand-daughter Jean Flagler Matthews, to preserve Whitehall, has . 1. Flagler. In 1877, Flagler and his family moved to New York City, which was becoming the center of commerce in the U.S.. Flamingo Visitor Center is 24 miles away. Only his son Harry survived of the three children by his first marriage in 1853 to Mary Harkness. Flagler's stepbrother Stephen V. Harkness invested $100,000 (equivalent to $1.94million in 2021[6]) on the condition that Flagler be made a partner. Indeed, there was a legal loophole provided to affluent Americans they were allowed to pay $300 to the government and hire a substitute to serve in their place. In fact, Henry Flagler was so pleased with his Florida projects that he began the construction of a second hotel, just across the street from the Ponce de Leon. He invested with the guidance of Dr. Andrew Anderson, a native of St. Augustine. In Bellevue he courted and married his step-uncle's (Lamon Harkness) second daughter, Mary Harkness, November 9, 1853. Mrs. To learn more about the history of those buildings, visit the Alcazar Hotel Historical Place profile or the Casa Monica Hotel Historical Place profile on our website. Flagler also met one Dr. Andrew Anderson, who would almost immediately become a lifelong partner and friend. NY By genealogy.com user October 24, 1999 at 04:39:45. However, this building's history is tragic and short. He himself is located to the side of them. Asylum records from this era show women being admitted and held for ailments such as "suppressed menses", "mental {or} religious excitement", and the infamous catch-all "hysteria". Her husband, Henry Morrison Flagler, was fifty-one years old. As success quickly mounted for the young corporation, Flagler began to better provide for his family, moving them to Euclid Avenue in Cleveland, Ohio. Because Henry Flagler had not yet claimed Florida as his own, Savannah, Georgia was considered to be the last bastion of civilization on the East Coast. In fact, the exterior bares a memorial script to his daughter who perished giving birth to his . 0:58. By the end of this field trip, we hope will you have an understanding of who Henry Flagler was, and the great impact he had on the state of Florida! "The Peonage Controversy and the Florida East Coast Railway,", Graham, Thomas. St. Augustine, FL: The St. Augustine Historical Society. His father was Isaac Flagler, a Presbyterian minister and great-grandson of Zacharra Flegler, whose family had emigrated from the German Palatinate region to Holland in 1688. After finishing the eighth grade at fourteen, Henry followed his half-brother Dan to Ohio. McGuire & McDonald were in charge of construction. The Zorayda's poured coquina and concrete structure, Spanish architecture, and lavish interior inspired Flagler, who actually tried to buy the building, but was denied. Henry married Nancy Flagler in month 1861, at age 25 at marriage place, Michigan. Jul 1, 2020 - Explore Patricia Cipolla's board "Henry Flagler" on Pinterest. She married Frederick L. Tuttle 1867-1886), and they had two children, Frances Emeline 1868 and Henry 1870. Having bought land for the hotel, Flagler's goal was to build a pleasure palace and turn St. Augustine, Florida, into a 'Winter Newport'. Eldest daughter Jennie Louise died when she was a young woman (more on her later). APA: VisitStAugustine.com. In the springtime of 1870, Mary Harkness Flagler even became pregnant with the couple's third child (the aforementioned Henry "Harry" Flagler). Whatever the case may be, Flagler focused on his family and his fortune during the years of 1861 to 1865. Standard Oil grew to become one of the largest shippers of oil and kerosene in the country. Flagler renamed it the Hotel Cordova, after the street that it was on. Chicago: VisitStAugustine.com. 0:00. Flagler also pioneered in the development of Florida as a U.S. vacation centre. The family being of moderate means, Henry struck out from New York to Republic, Ohio in 1844. An incident that is commonly cited as being 'the straw that broke the camel's back' occurred on one of the Flaglers' expensive yachts (of which the couple had many the Alicia was even named after Ida Alice). [citation needed], One of the most effective attacks on Flagler and Rockefeller and their firm was the 1905 publication of The History of the Standard Oil Company, by Ida Tarbell, a leading muckraker. He had caught the smell of opportunity in Florida and would eventually follow it all the way south to Key West. "1892-A Year of Crucial Decisions in Florida", This page was last edited on 2 December 2022, at 15:49. The hotel, the Ponce de Leon, was a success. Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida. Welcome to Ms. Collins, Ms. Bellino, and Ms. King's 4th grade history virtual fieldtrip! It developed over 300 oil-based products from tar to paint to Vaseline petroleum jelly to chewing gum. HENRY FLAGLER "Father of Florida" American Industrialist Early Days was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, raised in a. He used convict leasing "a method undertaken by the Southern States to replace the economic setup of slavery"[47] to modernize the existing railroads, allowing them to accommodate heavier loads and more traffic.[48]. In 1897, Flagler opened the Royal Palm Hotel on the north bank of the Miami River, overlooking Biscayne Bay. Now, imagine two hundred-plus years have passed. Henry M. Flagler, in full Henry Morrison Flagler, (born January 2, 1830, Hopewell, New York, U.S.died May 20, 1913, West Palm Beach, Florida), American financier and partner of John D. Rockefeller, Sr., in establishing the Standard Oil Company. [33], Upon his ascent to the presidency, Theodore Roosevelt initiated dozens of suits under the Sherman Antitrust Act and coaxed reforms out of Congress. All this is to say that the winter and spring of 1885 were life-changing for Henry Flagler and his circle. It supplied kerosene by tank cars that brought the fuel to local markets, and tank wagons then delivered to retail customers, thus bypassing the existing network of wholesale jobbers. When Mary contracted tuberculosis, at her doctor's recommendation they traveled . From various newspapers, 1887 - 1895. However, the boom did not last. During the early 1880s, Flagler outsourced the care of young Harry to his half-sister Carrie and daughter Jennie Louise. These certificates became traded by speculators, thus creating the first oil-futures market which effectively set spot market prices from then on. [7] The partnership eventually grew into the Standard Oil Corporation. Henry Morrison Flagler was born on January 2, 1830 in Hopewell, New York, to Reverend and Mrs. Isaac Flagler. 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